Author Archives: Jeff Stephens

Looking Down on Climate Skeptics

The question posed 20 years ago by scientists at NASA was pretty straight forward:  “Is the current human occupancy and activity of planet Earth sustainable?” The answer was complicated given the lack of data.

The Earth Observing System or EOS was conceived in 1990 as a way to systematically track changes on earth, from the sky.  The first satellite was launched in December 1999.

Scientists already knew that CO2 atmospheric concentrations were increasing. According to a paper written by NASA-funded ecologist Steve Reading, “… CO2 concentrations have been measured carefully since 1957 at Mauna Loa, and the increase has been steady at about 0.3% per year since then, a direct result of fossil fuel combustion.” But was an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations a bad thing?

Until EOS, global biospheric health had been largely unmeasurable, and discussions and policy development had been “handicapped by a paucity of data,” according to Reading.  The purpose of EOS was to provide this factual information on trends of change in our biosphere. Studying the entire “spaceship earth” as a functioning system had never been tried before. Today, NASA has more than a dozen Earth science spacecraft/instruments in orbit studying all aspects of the Earth system (oceans, land, atmosphere, biosphere, cyrosphere), with several more planned for launch in the next few years.

The NASA website provides almost real-time feeds from orbiting instruments documenting sea level, arctic sea ice, carbon dioxide concentrations, global average temperatures, and the ozone hole.

Using information from the Topex/Poseidon Measurement System flying 830 miles above the earth and covering the global oceans every 10 days , NASA scientists are estimating that sea level is rising an average of 3.3 millimeters per year. Sea level rise is associated with the thermal expansion of sea water due to climate warming and widespread melting of land ice (shown below).

The EOS network is providing valuable information to help scientists understand changes in our biosphere. The old axiom that what gets measured, gets managed hopefully applies to our planet.

Switzerland’s Steigletcher Glacier - 1994

Switzerland’s Steigletcher Glacier - 1994

Switzerland’s Steigletcher Glacier - 2004

Switzerland’s Steigletcher Glacier - 2006

Carbon De-Sequestration

Timelapse – Los Angeles Wildfire from Dan Blank on Vimeo.

Environment Canada estimates that for every acre of primarily coniferous forest burned, approximately 4.81 metric tons of carbon is released into the atmosphere—between 80 percent and 90 percent in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), with the rest as carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4). (via Slate’s Green Lantern column)

Utilities Seek Stimulus Funds to Upgrade Meters

The first deadline for smart grid stimulus funding (Funding Opportunity Number 58) from the Department of Energy has passed and it appears, from public statements made by the utilities themselves, that the program may already be close to oversubscribed.

According to greentechgrid, “…the rough tally of publicly announced grant requests now stands at a total of about $2.85 billion – or nearly nine-tenths the amount available under the Department of Energy’s Smart Grid Investment Grant Program. Total funding for the program stands at $3.3 billion ($200 million per request) and many utilities have not made their requests known.

Publicly identified utilities with smart grid applications include the following:

  • Alliant
  • Ameren
  • Baltimore Gas & Electric
  • CenterPoint
  • Commonwealth Edison
  • Consolidated Edison
  • Dominion Virginia,
  • Duke Energy
  • FirstEnergy
  • National Grid
  • NStar
  • Oncor
  • PECO
  • Pepco
  • PSE&G, and others.

The next funding deadline for utilities seeking federal dollars is August 26, when DE-FOA-0000036 or Smart Grid Demonstrations is due. According to the solicitation, “…funded smart grid projects will include regionally unique demonstrations to verify technology viability, quantify costs and benefits, and validate new business models for smart grid, at a scale that can be readily adapted and replicated around the country.”

California Faces Further Water Cut Backs

In June, the National Marine Fisheries Service issued a ruling under the Endangered Species Act that water deliveries in California must be curtailed by an additional 5 to 7 percent (330,000 acre feet) to prevent further loss of protected species. The species in question included the Chinook salmon, the Central Valley steelhead, the southern population of North American green sturgeon, and southern resident killer whales, which feed on the salmon.

The ruling highlights the precarious condition of long-term water supplies in California and the West. Previous rulings to restrict water deliveries to protect the delta smelt were challenged in court by local water districts. The latest opinions will likely end up in court according to a spokesperson for the Westlands Water District.

The state itself is examining ways to boost local water supplies through greater stormwater infiltration and capture. A hearing occurred on June 17 in Sacramento to discuss the issue as part of AB32, the state’s climate action law.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (i.e., Stimulus Bill) may also help kick start water recycling projects across the state. The U.S. Department of the Interior announced that 26 California projects will receive more than $130 million in federal funding.  A worthy use of Stimulus funding.

Faced with another year of drought, water agencies around the state are taking steps to reduce water usage by customers. Last month, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power began offering customers a cash incentive to replace their grass lawns with drought-tolerant plants. The Residential Drought Resistant Landscape Incentive Program will credit single-family residential customers $1 for each square foot of turf removed and replaced with drought-tolerant plants, mulch and water-permeable hardscapes.

The current emphasis for greater efficiency for homes and businesses will soon be directed at our taps, I believe.

Reinventing the Electric Grid

This whole week, National Public Radio is examining the costs, the politics, and other challenges of upgrading the country's electricity grid. From discussing the state of the grid to siting much-needed new transmission lines to how best to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewable power, the series covers the important issues faces our nation's energy nervous system.

Listen to the stories (accessible here) or click on the interactive grid map to identify existing and proposed energy infrastructure in your area. You can also easily see your state's generation mix. For example, California's power comes from the following sources:

  • Natural Gas (47%)
  • Hydro (20%)
  • Nuclear(18%)
  • Geothermal (7%)
  • Biomass (3%)
  • Wind (2%)
  • Oil (1%)
  • Coal (less than 1%) 
  • Solar (less than 1%) 
  • Other (1%) 

 

 

 

Climate Change, Snowmelt, and Water Politics in the West

There’s much talk about how climate change will affect weather patterns, causing more intense events such as hurricanes and tornadoes. In California, one consequence of the greenhouse gas buildup is a change in precipitation type; climate change is expected to cause a shift from snow to more rain during winter months (i.e., a diminished snowpack), and an earlier snowmelt.

While you may think that water is water, regardless of its physical state, this shift may have significant ramifications for water-capture infrastructure in the West. 

Reservoirs on 22 major rivers in the Sierras release winter waters to provide space behind the dams to prevent flooding from spring snowmelt. The snowmelt is then released in the late summer and fall to supply water to agribusiness in the Central Valley and cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco. According to the U.S. Geological Society (USGS), as much as 75 percent of water supplies in the western states are derived from snowmelt.

Researchers have identified a trend toward diminished snowpack and earlier snowmelt in western states, which may be related to global warming, and in precipitation form or timing.

According to the National Streamflow Information Program of the USGS:

Annual streamflow in most western rivers has come progressively earlier during the past several decades. …The long-term tendency of springtime streamflow (that fraction of overall flow that occurs from April to July) as a fraction of overall flow has declined during the 20th century in the central and northern Sierra Nevada. These results broadly reflect a regional trend toward warmer winters and springs during the same period.

 

If weather patterns shift, causing an increase of winter rains (as opposed to snow), runoff will occur earlier than normal. Water resource management of western rivers is based on the fact that much of the runoff to reservoirs occurs during the early parts of the warm season. The natural reservoirs provided by western snowfields will become less useful for water resource planning.

One approach, advocated by the State’s Governor, is to increase surface storage capacity. According to the state’s Department of Water Resources, the State and federal governments have funded five surface storage investigations.

Conservation groups such as the Sierra Nevada Alliance, are opposed to dam building and advocate for a comprehensive approach to accommodate the changes. The group's 4-point plan includes increased focus on Sierra meadow and forest restoration (i.e., water storage), dam re-operation (to better predict water releases); better floodplain management (to prevent damage during spring floods); and water conservation.

California and the West have a long history of tangled water politics. Climate change will force state leaders to examine all options when confronting a new era of reduced water availability. The first step for citizens is recognizing their individual responsibility

Intersection of Water and Energy

This site has been largely ignored since I took a full-time position back in September 2008 with KEMA, Inc., a global technical and management consulting firm focused on the energy industry. As I wondered how best to archive old content including past articles that I'd written for green building publications, these pages have remained static. No longer.

Moving forward, posts will focus on energy and water: supply, conservation, technology, and our collective struggle to reshape our thinking about these 'commodities.' Energy use has gained a national spotlight. I believe water will be next.

Last Sunday, March 22, was World Water Day. The theme for this year was Transboundary Waters: Sharing Water, Sharing Opportunities. 

Whether its water or energy, confronting challenges and exploiting opportunities is in our future.

 

Communicating CSR Progress

The ongoing challenge for companies implementing corporate social responsibility initiatives is how much to 'toot their own horn' about progress. At what point does calling out tangible company improvements become overly promotional and dismissed as empty marketing speak, or worse greenwashing? Also, what are the most effective communication vehicles?

According to the Natural Marketing Institute's 2007 LOHAS Consumer Trends Database, "most consumers prefer to learn about CSR through the news media…" This is understandable given the media’s perceived neutrality. An active media relations program is therefore important for any sustainability program.

The NMI survey also points out the importance of independent 3rd party groups/ratings. Public relations is far larger than media relations alone. Identifying trusted organizations and working collaboratively to improve a company's operations will help convey program credibility. As discussed in Battling Communication Schizophrenia, don't forget to have consistent messaging across the company website, product packaging, marketing materials, and more. 

Battling Communication Schizophrenia

In the rush to capitalize on purchasers’ alleged desire for green products and services, companies are ‘shoe-horning’ environmental themes in to all of their communications. Companies are quick to add a “Sustainability” section to their website thinking that changes to a site’s main navigation must demonstrate true commitment to the environment. A newsletter article about the company’s desire to purchase ‘green’ office products sits against the backdrop of 4 million tons of office paper thrown away each year. And, perhaps with each new product brochure that includes an image of a wind turbine, a raptor [loses] its wings.

As environmental messages are inserted, other messages become diluted and obscured. Do the true benefits of the product or service still resonate? Have customer service and support elements fallen lower on the list, displaced by carbon offsets? Do printed brochures reflect the same messages as (more easily updated) web pages?

Communication audits are a great way to systematically examine all channels of communication and identify conflicts, exaggerated claims, and off-topic messages. Communication schizophrenia is easy to diagnose. Are you telling vendors and distributors one thing while employees another. Are clients receiving a consistent message about your true value proposition? Has your messaging stayed current with you’re your business strategy?

These evaluations can also be more narrowly focused on how the company is portrayed in the media (i.e., media audit) or how the company stacks up against its competitors (i.e., competitive evaluation).

It’s easy to understand how messages stray from their intended purpose. The solution is to objectively evaluate communication channels and develop a plan for realigning messages with business strategy.

Word Clouds

Word clouds are visual depictions of a site's keywords or tags. They give a quick snapshot of a site's content because greater prominence is given to words that appear more frequently. They can be useful on news sites, competitor sites, or individual documents.

Using a free service like Wordle, users can enter an RSS feed or blocks of text. Here's the word cloud for this site; click to enlarge.